When I had noticed, Imperator, that many had left precepts and volumes of commentaries on architecture not ordered but begun as it were in wandering fragments, I thought it a worthy and most useful thing to bring the body of so great a discipline to a completed ordering, and to unfold in the several volumes, set down in writing, the qualities of the several kinds. Therefore, Caesar, in the first volume I have set forth to you concerning its office and in what things the architect ought to be trained. In the second I have discussed the supplies of materials, from which buildings are built up. §1
In the third, concerning the dispositions of sacred temples and concerning the variety of their kinds, what species and how many they have, and what the distributions are in the several kinds, out of the three kinds (those which hold the most subtle quantities of modules in their proportions) I have taught with the manners of the Ionic kind. Now in this volume I shall speak of the settled reasonings of the Doric and the Corinthian, and I shall unfold their distinctions and proprieties. §2
Corinthian columns, save for their capitals, have all their symmetries as the Ionic; but the heights of the capitals make them proportionately loftier and more slender, because the height of the Ionic capital is a third part of the column's thickness, that of the Corinthian the whole thickness of the shaft. Therefore, because two parts of the thickness are added in the height of the Corinthian, they make them by their loftiness more slender in appearance. §3
The other members which are set upon the columns are placed on Corinthian columns from Doric symmetries or in the Ionic manner, because the Corinthian kind itself had not had any proper institution of its own for the coronas and other ornaments; but either, by the reasonings of the triglyph, mutules are disposed in coronas, and guttae in architraves in the Doric manner, or, by the Ionic institutions, friezes adorned with sculptures are distributed, with dentils and coronas. §4
Thus, from two orders with a third capital inserted between, a third kind has been brought forth in works. For from the shapings of columns, three kinds of naming have been made: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian; of which the first, and the most ancient, is the Doric born. For over Achaea and the whole Peloponnese, Dorus the son of Hellen and of the nymph Pthias reigned, and at Argos, that ancient city, in the temple of Juno, he built a shrine, by chance of that kind's form; then, in the same kinds, in the other cities of Achaea, when the reasoning of symmetries had not yet been born. §5
Afterwards the Athenians, by the responses of Delphic Apollo, by the common counsel of all Hellas, led thirteen colonies at one time into Asia, and in each colony established leaders, and gave the supreme power of command to Ion the son of Xuthus and Creusa, whom Apollo at Delphi in his responses had declared to be his son; and he led these colonies into Asia, and occupied the territories of Caria, and there established the most ample cities: Ephesus, Miletus, Myus (which long ago was devoured by water, whose rites and voting-right the Ionians attributed to the Milesians), Priene, Samos, Teos, Colophon, Chios, Erythrae, Phocaea, Clazomenae, Lebedos, Melite. This Melite, on account of the arrogance of her citizens, was, by common counsel, taken away by those cities with a declaration of war; in whose place afterwards, by the benefaction of King Attalus and Arsinoe, the city of the Smyrnaeans was received among the Ionians. §6
These cities, when they had driven out the Carians and the Lelegians, called that region of the earth, from their leader Ion, Ionia; and there, establishing temples of the immortal gods, they began to build shrines. And first, to Panionian Apollo they set up a temple such as they had seen in Achaea, and they called it Doric, because in the cities of the Dorians they had seen it first made in that kind. §7
In that temple, when they wished to place columns, not having their symmetries, and seeking by what reasonings they could make them so as to be fit for bearing a burden and to have in sight an approved gracefulness, they measured the footprint of a man's foot, and transferred that to the height. When they had found the foot to be a sixth part of the man's height, they transferred the same to the column; and with whatever thickness they made the base of the shaft, to so great a height, six times that, they raised them with their capital. So the Doric column began to furnish in buildings the proportion of a man's body, together with firmness and gracefulness. §8
Likewise afterwards, when they set up a temple to Diana, seeking the appearance of a new kind, by the same footprints they transferred it to womanly slenderness, and first made the column's thickness an eighth part of the height, that it might have a loftier look. Beneath the base they set a base (spira) as if for a shoe; at the capital they placed, as if hair, curls hanging down on the right and the left, and, with cymatia and garlands in place of the locks, they adorned the face; and down the whole trunk they drew flutes, as the folds of a stola in matronly fashion. Thus of two contrasting kinds of column they devised the invention: one with manly bareness without ornament, the other with womanly delicacy, ornament, and symmetry. §9
Posterity, advancing with the elegance and subtlety of judgment, and delighting in slenderer modules, established seven diameters of thickness in the height of the Doric column, and nine in the Ionic. That kind which the Ionians first made, was named Ionic. The third, which is called Corinthian, has the imitation of a maiden's slenderness, because maidens, on account of the tenderness of their age, being figured with slenderer members, take on, in ornament, more graceful effects. §10
The first invention of the Corinthian capital is recorded to have been made thus. A citizen maiden of Corinth, already ripe for marriage, was seized by disease and died. After her burial, her nurse, having gathered up the few things in which the maiden had delighted while living, and arranged them in a basket, carried them to the monument and placed them on top; and, that they might longer remain there under the open sky, covered the basket with a tile. This basket had by chance been placed upon the root of an acanthus. Meanwhile the root of the acanthus, pressed by the weight, toward the spring, put forth its middle leaves and small stalks; and these stalks, growing up along the sides of the basket, and driven by the necessity of the weight from the angles of the tile, were forced to make bendings into the outermost parts of volutes. §11
Then Callimachus, who on account of the elegance and subtlety of his art with marble had been called by the Athenians κατατηξίτεχνος, passing this monument, noticed the basket and the tender leaves growing round it; and delighted by the kind and the novelty of the form, he made columns in its pattern among the Corinthians, and established symmetries, and from that he distributed the reasonings of the Corinthian kind in the perfection of works. §12
The symmetry of that capital is so to be made that, whatever the thickness of the lowest column be, so much shall be the height of the capital with the abacus. Let the breadth of the abacus have such a proportion that, whatever its height, twice that shall be the diagonal space from angle to angle. So it will have just fronts on all sides of its breadth. Let the fronts of the abacus be sunk inward from the extreme angles, by a ninth part of its breadth. At the lowest the capital has a thickness equal to the top of the column, excluding the apothesis and the astragal. The thickness of the abacus is a seventh of the capital's height. §13
With the thickness of the abacus deducted, let the rest be divided into three parts; one of these be given to the lowest leaves. The second leaves occupy the middle height. The stalks have the same height, from which the leaves grow forth so as to receive the volutes which, born from the stalks, run out to the outermost angles, and lesser spirals are carved beneath the flower in the middle of the abacus. The flowers on the four sides are to be formed as great as the abacus is thick. Thus by these symmetries Corinthian capitals will have their due workings. But there are also kinds of capitals, which are set upon the same columns, called by various names; whose proprieties of symmetry, nor another kind of column, we cannot name, but we see that the very names are transferred and altered from Corinthian, cushioned, and Doric ones, the symmetries of which are carried over into the subtlety of new sculptures. §14
Since the origins and inventions of the kinds of columns have been written above, it is not alien to me to speak, on the same lines, of their ornaments: how they have sprung up, and from what principles and origins they were discovered. In every building above is placed the timbering, called by various names. It, as in names, so in substance, has various uses. For beams (trabes) are placed over columns, parastades, and antae; in floorings, tigna (joists) and axes (planks). Beneath roofs, if the spaces are greater, transverse beams and rafters; if convenient, a ridge-piece and cantherii (principal rafters) projecting to the outermost eaves. Over the cantherii, the templa (purlins); then above, under the tiles, asseres (laths), projecting out so that the walls are covered by their projections. §15
So each thing keeps its own place, kind, and order. From these things, and from the carpenter's timbering, in the buildings of sacred temples of stone and marble, the craftsmen have imitated their dispositions by carvings, and have thought it right to pursue those inventions. Because the ancient carpenters, building in a certain place, had laid the joists projecting from the inner walls to the outer parts, they walled up between the joists, and above, they adorned the coronas and pediments with more graceful aspect by carpenters' works; then they cut off the projections of the joists, as far as they stood forth, to the line and perpendicular of the walls. And since this appearance seemed ungraceful to them, they fixed tablets shaped as now triglyphs are made, against the cut ends of the joists in the front, and painted them with a dark wax, that the cut ends of the joists might be covered and not offend the sight. Thus, imitating the divisions of the joists, they began to have in Doric works the disposition of triglyphs and of the metopes of the interspaces. §16
Afterwards others, in other works, carried out the principal rafters, projecting in line with the triglyphs, and slanted their projections. From this, as from the dispositions of the joists the triglyphs came, so from the projections of the rafters the reasoning of the mutules under the coronas was invented. So in stone and marble works the mutules are shaped with inclined carvings, which is an imitation of the rafters. For they are necessarily placed slanting because of the rain. Therefore both the reasoning of the triglyphs and of the mutules in Doric works was invented from that imitation. §17
For the triglyphs are not, as some erroneously have said, images of windows; this cannot be so, because triglyphs are set at the corners and opposite the fourth-parts of the columns, in places where the thing does not at all admit windows to be made. For the junctures of the angles in buildings are dissolved, if in them the opening of windows has been left. And also, where now triglyphs are set, if the spaces of windows shall be judged to have been there, by the same reasonings the dentils in the Ionic will appear to have occupied places of windows. For the intervals between dentils, and between triglyphs, are both called metopes. For the Greeks call ὀπαί the bedding-places of joists and laths, just as our people call those cavities columbaria. And so what is between two opae, the intertignium, is named with them μετόπη. §18
As in Doric works the reasoning of triglyphs and of mutules was invented, so in Ionic works the institution of dentils has its own reasoning; and as the mutules bear the image of the projections of the rafters, so in Ionic works the dentils have an imitation of the projections of the laths. So in Greek works no one sets dentils beneath mutules, for laths cannot be beneath rafters. Therefore what in reality ought to be placed above rafters and purlins, if in images it be set beneath, will have a faulty reasoning of the work. Also the ancients did not approve nor institute that in the pediments mutules or dentils should be made, but plain coronas; because neither rafters nor laths are distributed opposite the fronts of the pediments, nor can they stand out; but they are placed slanting towards the eaves. Thus what cannot in truth be done, they did not think it could, in images, have a certain reasoning. §19
For all things they carried over into the perfection of works with certain propriety, drawn from the true manners of nature; and they approved those things whose unfoldings can bear the reasoning of truth in debate. Therefore from those origins they left the symmetries and proportions of each kind established. And since, following their steps, I have above spoken of the Ionic and Corinthian institutions, now I shall set out the Doric system and its chief appearance, briefly. §20
Some of the ancient architects denied that sacred temples ought to be made in the Doric kind, because faulty and inconvenient symmetries were wrought in them. So Arcesius denied it, likewise Pytheos, no less Hermogenes. For he, when he had an abundance of marble ready for the perfection of a Doric temple, changed his plan, and with the same abundance built an Ionic temple to Father Liber. Yet it was not that the appearance or the kind or the dignity of the form is ungraceful, but that the distribution of the triglyphs and coffers is embarrassed and inconvenient in the work. §21
For it is necessary that the triglyphs be set opposite the middle fourth-parts of the columns, and the metopes, which are to be between the triglyphs, be as long as they are high. And, on the contrary, in the corner columns the triglyphs are set at the extreme parts, and not opposite the middle fourth-parts. Thus the metopes nearest the corner triglyphs do not come out square, but are longer by a half of a triglyph's width. And those who would make the metopes equal, contract the extreme intercolumniations by a half of a triglyph's width. Whether this is done in lengths of metopes or in contractions of intercolumniations, it is faulty. Wherefore the ancients seem to have avoided the Doric proportion for sacred temples. §22
We, however, set it forth as the order demands, as we have received it from our masters, that if anyone wishing attending to these reasonings would so begin, he may have unfolded proportions by which he may make, corrected and without defects, the perfections of sacred temples in Doric manner. Let the front of the Doric temple, in the place where the columns are placed, be divided, if it is to be tetrastyle, into twenty-seven parts; if hexastyle, into forty-two. Of these, one part will be the module, which in Greek is called ἐμβάτης; by the establishment of this module, by reasoning, are effected all the distributions of the whole work. §23
The thickness of the columns will be of two modules; the height, with the capital, of fourteen. The thickness of the capital is of one module; the breadth, of two modules and a sixth of a module. The thickness of the capital is divided into three parts: of these, one is made the plinth with the cymatium; the second the echinus with its annulets; the third the hypotrachelium. Let the column be tapered as has been written in the third book concerning the Ionic. The architrave is of the height of one module, with its taenia and guttae. The taenia is a seventh of the module; the guttae, beneath the taenia, against the triglyphs, are of the sixth part of a module high, with the regula, and hang down. Likewise, the breadth of the architrave at the bottom is to correspond to the hypotrachelium at the top of the column. Above the architrave are to be placed the triglyphs with their metopes, of the height of one module and a half, of breadth in front of one module, so divided that in the corner columns and in the middle they are set opposite the middle fourth-parts; and in the other intercolumniations, two each; in the middle intercolumniations of the pronaos and rear portico, three. Thus, with the middle intervals relaxed, there will be without obstruction an approach to the images of the gods for those coming. §24
Let the breadth of the triglyph be divided into six parts, of which five in the middle, and two halves at right and left are designated by the rule. Let one in the middle be shaped as the femur, which in Greek is called μέρος. Along this, channels are cut to the apex of the square. And in the sequence, on right and left, let other femora be set up. In the extreme parts, let half-channels be wrought. With the triglyphs so placed, let the metopes between the triglyphs be as high as they are long, and likewise at the extreme corners let half-metopes be made of the breadth of half a module. For so it will be that all the defects of metopes, of intercolumniations, and of coffers shall be corrected, since the divisions will be equal. §25
The capitals of the triglyphs are to be made a sixth part of the module. Above the capitals of the triglyphs let the corona be placed, with a projection of one half and one sixth, having a Doric cymatium below, another at the top. Thus with its cymatia the corona is of half a module thick. Let there be distributed in the lower corona, perpendicular to the triglyphs and the middle metopes, the directions of the viae and the distributions of the guttae, so that there are six guttae in length, three in breadth. The remaining spaces, since the metopes are wider than the triglyphs, let be left plain or have thunderbolts carved; and at the chin of the corona itself let a line be cut, which is called a scotia. All the rest, tympana and simas of the corona, as has been written above in the Ionic, so let them be perfected. §26
This reasoning will be established in diastyle works. But if the work is to be made systyle and monotriglyph, the front of the temple, if tetrastyle, let be divided into nineteen and a half parts; if hexastyle, into twenty-nine and a half. Of these, one part will be the module, by which, as written above, the dispositions are to be made. §27
Thus above the single architraves, a pair of metopes and triglyphs are to be set; at the corners, there is in addition a half, plus the space of a half-triglyph. In the middle, opposite the pediment, the space of three triglyphs and three metopes will lie, so that the middle intercolumniation may have, for those approaching the temple, a wider passage, and for the aspect toward the images of the gods a dignity. §28
The columns are to be fluted with twenty flutes. If they are flat (arrises only), they have twenty angles designated. If they are hollowed, the shape is to be made thus: as great as the interval of the flute, so great let a square be described with equal sides; in the middle of the square let the center of the compasses be placed, and a round line be drawn which touches the angles of the square; and as great as is the curvature between the circle and the squared drawing, so much shall be hollowed out according to the figure. Thus the Doric column shall have the perfection of its own fluting. §29
Of the addition by which the middle is enlarged (entasis), as has been written in the third book of the Ionic, so here too let it be transferred. Since the exterior appearance of the symmetries, of the Corinthian, Doric, and Ionic, has been written, it is necessary also to unfold the interior distributions of the cellae and pronaos. §30
The length of the temple is so distributed that the breadth be half of the length; the cella itself is a fourth longer than it is broad, with the wall which shall hold the placing of the doors. The remaining three parts shall run forward as the pronaos to the antae of the walls. These antae should have the thickness of the columns. And if the temple be of greater breadth than twenty feet, two columns between the two antae be interposed, which may separate the space of the pteroma and the pronaos. Likewise the three intercolumniations that are between the antae and the columns let be closed with marble breastworks or of joinery-work, so that they have doors through which the passages to the pronaos may be made. §31
Likewise, if the breadth shall be greater than forty feet, columns facing the regions of the columns which are between the antae, be placed inward. And let these have the same height as those in front; but let their thicknesses be diminished by these reasonings, that if they be an eighth part in those in front, these be a tenth part; or if ninth or tenth, by proportional part. For in the enclosed air, if they be thinner, they will not be distinguished. But if they shall appear too slender, when the outer have twenty or twenty-four flutes, in these twenty-eight or thirty-two are to be made. So what is taken from the body of the shaft, being augmented by the addition of the number of flutes by reasoning, shall appear to be diminished by so much less; and thus by an unequal reasoning the thickness of the columns will be equalized. §32
This that reasoning effects, that the eye, by touching more signs, and more frequent, wanders through a greater circuit of sight. For if two columns of equal thickness be measured round with lines, of which one be without flutes and the other with flutes, and the line touches the bodies round the hollows of the strigils and the angles of the flutes, though the columns be equally thick, the lines which shall be drawn around will not be equal, because the circuits of the flutes and strigils make the length of the line the greater. If, then, this shall so appear, it is not alien, in narrow places and in an enclosed space, to establish in work slenderer symmetries of columns, since we have as a helper the tempering of fluting. §33
The thickness of the walls of the cella itself ought to be made proportioned to the size of the thing, provided that their antae be equal to the thicknesses of the columns. And if they are to be of concrete, let them be built with the smallest rubble-stones; if of squared stone or of marble, it seems best to be made of moderate and equal stones, since in the middle of the joints the middle stones, holding firm, will make the whole work's perfection firmer; and likewise about the joints and beds the rising expressions will produce in view a more graphic pleasure. §34
The regions which sacred temples of the immortal gods ought to face are to be so established that, if no reason hinders and the choice is free, the temple and the image which shall be placed in the cella should face the western quarter of the sky, so that those who come to the altar to immolate or to make sacrifices may face toward the eastern quarter of the sky, toward the image which is in the temple; and so, taking upon themselves their vows, they behold the rising sky, and the images themselves seem to behold, rising, those who are supplicating and sacrificing. §35
But if the nature of the site interferes, then the establishment of those regions must be turned, so that the greatest part of the walls may be seen from the temples of the gods. Likewise, if along rivers sacred temples are to be made, as in Egypt around the Nile, they seem to ought to face the banks of the river. Similarly, if along public roads there shall be buildings of gods, let them be so established that passersby may turn to look, and in sight may make salutations. §36
These are the reasonings of the doors and of their framings in temples: first, let it be established of what kind they are to be. Now the kinds of doorways (thyromata) are these: Doric, Ionic, Attic. Of the Doric the symmetries are beheld by these reasonings: the top cornice, which is set upon the upper framing, is equally leveled with the tops of the capitals of the columns in the pronaos. The opening of the door is so established that, whatever be the height of the temple from pavement to ceiling, let it be divided into three parts and a half, and of these let two and a half be established for the height of the doorway. This in turn is divided into twelve parts, and of these five and a half be the breadth of the opening at the bottom. And at the top let it be contracted: if the opening is from the bottom up to sixteen feet, by a third of the framing; if from sixteen to twenty-five, let the upper part of the opening be contracted by a fourth of the framing; if from twenty-five to thirty, let the top part be contracted by an eighth. The remaining parts, the higher they are, shall seem to need to be set perpendicular. §37
The framings themselves are to be contracted at the top by a fourteenth part of their thickness. The thickness of the lintel shall be as great as the thickness of the framings at the top. The cymatium is to be made a sixth of the framing, and its projection as great as its thickness. A Lesbian cymatium with astragal is to be carved. Above the cymatium which shall be on the lintel is to be placed the hyperthyron, of the thickness of the lintel, and on it is to be carved a Doric cymatium and a Lesbian astragal. At the top a plain corona is to be carved with its cymatium, and its projection shall be as great as its height. On the right and left, beyond the lintel which is set above the framings, the projections are so to be made that the moldings run out, and are joined, in a mitre, with the cymatium itself. §38
If they are to be made of the Ionic kind, the height of the opening is made in the same way as in the Doric. Let the breadth be established so that the height be divided into two and a half parts, and one part be the bottom breadth of the opening. Contractions as in the Doric. The thickness of the framings at the front is a fourteenth part of the height of the opening; the cymatium a sixth of this thickness. The remaining part, beside the cymatium, is divided into twelve parts. Of these three, the first be a corsa with astragal; the second four; the third five; and these corsae with their astragals alike run round. §39
The hyperthyra are composed in the same fashion as in Doric, with proportionate parts. Ancones (also called parotides) are carved on the right and left, hanging down to the level of the bottom of the lintel, except for the leaf. They have, in front, a thickness of two thirds of the framing; at the bottom, they are thinner by a quarter than the upper parts. The doors are so jointed that the cardinal shafts (jamb-leaves) shall be of the twelfth part of the whole breadth of the opening. Between the two jambs the panels have three parts out of twelve. §40
The distributions of the rails shall be so made that, the height being divided into five parts, two shall be designated to the upper, three to the lower. Above the middle let middle rails be placed; of the rest, some be jointed at the top, others at the bottom. The height of a rail be made a third part of the panel; the cymatium a sixth of the rail. The breadths of the stiles are half a rail; likewise the replum (rebate) of the rail is half and a sixth. The stiles which are next the framings, a half of a rail be fixed. If, however, they shall be folding-doors, the heights so remain; in breadth, greater, the width of the doorleaf is added. If they are to be four-leaved, the height is added. §41
The Attic are perfected by the same reasonings as the Doric. Besides, beneath the cymatia on the framings, corsae run round, which are so to be distributed that of seven parts of the framing (beside the cymatium) they have two parts. These themselves are not made shuttered nor double-leaved but folding, and they have their openings into the outer parts. These reasonings of sacred temples, as must be made in Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian works, I have set forth, so far as I could reach them, as by lawful manner. Now, concerning Tuscan dispositions, how they ought to be instituted, I shall speak. §42
The place in which the temple is set up, when it has six parts in length, let one be taken off, and the remainder be given to the breadth. The length, however, is divided in two; and the part which shall be the interior let be designated for the spaces of the cellae; the part nearest the front, left for the disposition of the columns. §43
Likewise let the breadth be divided into ten parts. Of these, three parts on the right and left be given to the smaller cellae, or wings, if those be there; the remaining four be assigned to the middle temple. The space which shall be before the cellae, in the pronaos, let be so designated with columns that the corner columns be placed opposite the antae, in line with the ends of the walls; the two middle in line with the walls which shall be between the antae and the middle temple. And between the antae and the forward columns, through the middle, let others be placed in the same quarters. Let these be at the bottom of a thickness of a seventh of their height; the height be a third of the breadth of the temple; and the top of the column be contracted by a fourth part of the bottom thickness. §44
Let their bases be of half the column thickness in height. Let their bases have a plinth, circular, of the half of their thickness; above, a torus with apophysis as thick as the plinth. The height of the capital be half the thickness. The breadth of the abacus as great as the lower thickness of the column. Let the thickness of the capital be divided into three parts: one be given to the plinth, which is the abacus; another to the echinus; the third to the hypotrachelium with its apophysis. §45
Above the columns let joined beams be placed, of the height which shall be demanded by the size of the work, and let the beams have as much thickness as the hypotrachelium of the top of the column; and let them be so joined by dovetails and wedges that in the joint they have a slack of two fingers. For when they touch one another and do not admit breath and the blowing of the wind, they grow hot and quickly rot. §46
Above the beams and above the walls, let projections of the mutules be thrown forward by a fourth part of the height of the column; in their fronts let cover-boards be fixed; and above, the tympanum of the pediment, of masonry or wood, be placed. Let the pediment, ridge-piece, rafters, and purlins be so placed that the eaves of the roof, if finished, answer to a third of their reach. §47
Round temples are made, of which some are set up as monopteros, columnar without cella; others are called peripteral. Those without cella have a platform and an ascent of a third part of their diameter. Above the stylobate columns are placed as high as, from wall to wall, is the diameter of the stylobate, thick in height with their capitals and bases of a tenth part. The architrave is high by half of the column's thickness. The frieze and the rest that are placed above, as I have written in the third volume of symmetries. §48
If, however, that temple be established peripteral, let two steps and a stylobate be established from the bottom; then let the wall of the cella be placed with its receding from the stylobate of about a fifth of its breadth, and in the middle let a place for doors be left for approach. Let that cella have as great a diameter, exclusive of the walls and the circulation, as the column has height above the stylobate. Let the columns around the cella be disposed with the same proportions and symmetries. §49
Of the middle roofing, the reasoning is thus: as great as shall be the diameter of the whole work, let half of that be the height of the dome excluding the flower; and the flower has as great a size as had the capital in the column, excluding the pyramid. The rest, as written above, by the same proportions and symmetries, seems to be to be done. §50
Also by other kinds temples are set up, ordered by the same symmetries and having dispositions of another kind, as is that of Castor at the Flaminian Circus; and between the two groves that of Vediovis; likewise more refined, that of the Grove of Diana, with columns added on right and left on the shoulders of the pronaos. By this kind were first made at Athens on the Acropolis, and in Attica at Sunium, that of Pallas Athena. Their proportions are not different but the same. For their cellae are double in length to their breadth, as are the rest, but in them all the things which are wont to be at the fronts are transferred to the sides. §51
Some, too, taking the disposition of columns from the Tuscan kinds, transfer them to the ordering of Corinthian and Ionic works; and in whatever places antae run forward in the pronaos, in the same places, in line with the walls of the cella, placing double columns, they make a common reasoning of Tuscan and Greek works. §52
Others, taking away the walls of the cella and laying them to the intercolumniations, by removing the spaces of the pteroma, produce an ample room for the cella; but, preserving the rest by the same proportions and symmetries, they seem to have brought forth another kind of figure and name, the pseudoperipteral. These kinds are varied for the use of the sacrifices. For not for all gods are temples to be made by the same reasonings, because one god has effects by variety of sacred religions different from another. §53
All the reasonings of sacred temples as they have been handed down to me, I have set forth, and I have distinguished their orders and symmetries by partition; and those whose figures are different, and by what distinctions they are set apart from one another, so far as I have been able to signify in writing, I have set forth. Now concerning the altars of the immortal gods, that they may have a fit establishment for the reasoning of sacrifices, I shall speak. §54
Let the altars look toward the east and always be placed lower than the images that shall be in the temple, so that those who supplicate and sacrifice may look up to the divinity. They are to be composed of different heights suitable to the seemliness of each god. Their heights are to be so unfolded: to Jupiter and all the heavenly gods let them be set very lofty; to Vesta, Earth, and the Mother let them be set low. Thus, suited to these institutions, the shapings of altars will be unfolded in meditation. The compositions of sacred temples having been set forth in this book, in the next we shall render the unfoldings of the distributions of common works. §55